2月 13, 2014

看片小記: 大獨裁者 (The Great Dictator, 1940)

永遠的笑匠卓別林雖然有長達半世紀的銀幕表演事業,執導的長片卻僅有十餘部(且多經典)。其中《大獨裁者》大約是製作期間爭議較多、身後名也同樣地多的一部。這部由卓別林自編自導自演的作品,明顯諷刺希特勒(以及墨索里尼)政權,同時將故事主人翁鎖定在當時於西歐已受迫害的猶太族群,表達卓別林對猶太人所受遭遇的不滿與同情(但卓別林本人似乎不是猶太人)。在當時歐美的姑息政治下,本片製作之初並不受支持,然推出後(據說)成為美國年度票房冠軍,歷史證明卓別林對獨裁政治批判的堅持堪稱先知,本片也受推崇為第一部反戰電影。

《大獨裁者》保留許多卓別林從默片時代保留下來的表演方式,即主要透過肢體動作而非對白來表現喜感或搞笑橋段。雖說卓別林對有聲電影的拒斥史上有名,但顯然他對有聲電影時代的來臨還算適應不錯。分飾兩大故事主人翁的卓別林,透過語焉不詳的獨裁者興凱爾(Hynkel)充分表現出他揣摩德語咬字、發音、聲調的精準與聲音表情的豐富。若留意獨裁者的台詞可以發現,時而激昂、時而氣急敗壞的興凱爾講的其實不是德語;大部分時候,他說的其實是語無倫次、毫無意義的英文單字組合。莫名其妙的纇德語演說搭配興凱爾極度正經的表情與姿態所呈現出的荒謬反差,正是卓別林想要塑造、嘲諷的獨裁者之姿。相較之下另一位獨夫、並且粗鄙武夫的Napaloni反而顯得親切爽朗,只是兩者的荒謬可笑則其實一般。

卓別林在片中對於獨裁政治的嘲諷除了表現在角色言行上,也在名字這小細節上動手腳。譬如興凱爾的國家托梅尼亞(Tomania),將國名拆開則洩漏其瘋狂國度的暗示(To-mania);而興凱爾最倚重的左右手Garbitsch,念出聲來則和英文的垃圾無異。此外,Napaloni的國家Bacteria,更是直接借用英文的細菌來做為國名,嘲諷之意已無需多做說明。卓別林在二戰煙硝已四處瀰漫之際還如此大動作惡搞當時的政治領袖,已不只是大膽兩字可以形容,簡直是擺明挑釁。

但高明的喜劇總是悲歡交織。《大獨裁者》的另一條故事線,是托梅尼亞國內受迫害的猶太族群。他們(包括另一位故事主人翁,即理髮匠)所居住的社區被劃定為貧民區(ghetto,或是他們居住的地區變成了貧民區);一夕之間他們成為自己國家的叛徒,他們居住多年的家鄉、宣示效忠的國家成為他們最大的敵人。在自己的土地上生活,他們必須躲躲藏藏,彷彿自己的存在本身是個恥辱。當時的卓別林應該沒機會去到德國實地考察拍片材料,或許他從媒體上參考許多報導,又或者他從當時逃到美國的歐洲猶太人口中聽來的故事得知相關資料;無論如何,《大獨裁者》對於當時猶太人在德國(還沒送進集中營前)的生活遭遇,很能貼切地捕捉到他們的無奈與氣憤。

從今天的角度來看,《大獨裁者》當然有其瑕疵,譬如略嫌拖泥帶水的開場、以正義之師自許卻有些過了頭的政治姿態,都讓它在當代多少有些顯老與僵硬,欠缺今日較重視的人性的多面向與複雜性。但《大獨裁者》仍是公認的重要作品,至少在我看來,它整體來說對法西斯的嚴正批判以及卓別林其實並沒那麼好笑的演出,應該放在1940年代之初那個西方國際政治對法西斯政權充滿姑息氣氛的歷史脈絡下理解,比較能感受卓別林的用力,有他非如此不可的使命感。而使成為反戰電影與影史經典的,莫過於理髮匠/卓別林在片尾長達五分多鐘的演說。這場義正詞嚴、相當有撼動力的演說,在卓別林/猶太理髮匠正對著鏡頭激昂呼號長達五分多鐘後,恍惚間已難分得清那是卓別林作為理髮匠的一場「表演」,還是卓別林作為卓別林它自己透過電影在發表政治演說。無論如何,這場凜然的演說令人肅然起敬,應足以名列早期電影史、或反戰電影的熱血演說榜。這裡特別附上這段演說全文(最後面理髮匠對女主角漢娜的喊話由於無直接關聯故不收錄):

“I'm sorry, but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible; Jew, Gentile, black man, white. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other's happiness, not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone, and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone. The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men's souls, has barricaded the world with hate, has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery, we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost. The airplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in men; cries out for universal brotherhood; for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world, millions of despairing men, women, and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say, do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed, the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish. Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you, enslave you; who regiment your lives, tell you what to do, what to think and what to feel! Who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines, you are not cattle, you are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts! You don't hate! Only the unloved hate; the unloved and the unnatural. Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St. Luke, it is written that the kingdom of God is within man, not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy, let us use that power. Let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a chance to work, that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfill that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people. Now let us fight to fulfill that promise. Let us fight to free the world! To do away with national barriers! To do away with greed, with hate and intolerance! Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness. Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us all unite!” 

(演說文的中譯我參考手上的DVD抄錄如下)

「抱歉,我不想當皇帝,這不是我的本行。我對統治或征服別人毫無興趣。我只想盡全力助人,不分基督,猶太,黑人,白人;大家都要彼此扶助,人類理該如此,為彼此的幸福而活而非彼此殘殺。我們不要彼此仇恨鄙視。這個世界容得下所有人類,大地富饒豐足,足以養活每個人過自由美好的生活。可是我們迷失了自己,貪婪毒害了人的心靈,使世界因仇恨而故步自封,使世人陷於苦難和流血之中。我們發展了快速的科技,卻封閉了自己;機器讓我們享受富足,卻陷我們於欲求不滿;知識使人憤世嫉俗,使心智精巧卻喪失慈悲情懷,思想太多、感覺太少。我們需要人性遠過機器,我們需要慈悲溫柔多於巧詐機智。生命若缺乏這些品質將淪為暴力,人將失去一切。飛機、收音機拉近了人們的距離,而這些發明的本質渴求人性的善良,渴求四海一家皆兄弟和全人類的團結。此時此刻,我的聲音正傳送至全世界數百萬的人心之中、無以數計瀕於絕望的男女老幼飽受無情體制折磨的受害者、以及被禁錮的善良無辜的人們心中。我要告訴那些收音機旁的人們,不要絕望,我們眼前所遭受的苦難,只是那些害怕人類進步者所加諸之一時的貪婪和無情。人類的仇恨將消逝,獨裁者必死,他們由人民手中奪取的權力將還之於民。自由絕不會隨著生命的死亡而滅絕。士兵們,不要向殘暴屈服!那些唾棄、奴役、剝奪你們生命的人,支配你們的思想、行為和感覺的人,那些訓練你、使你精疲力盡、當牛馬役使砲灰的人─不要向這些沒人性的人屈服!他們是機器心的機器人。你們不是機器,不是牛馬,而是人。你們的心中有人性愛。你們不會恨,只有不愛的人才會恨,不愛和不自然的人。士兵們,不要為奴役而戰,要為自由而戰!詩篇十七章中,聖路克寫著:神的天國在人的心中。不是單一個人或一群人,而是所有的人,在你們的心中。權力在你們的手中,創造機器和幸福的力量,你們擁有使人生自由美好的力量,使生命成為一趟美好的冒險之旅!再讓我們以民主之名,選擇此一力量團結起來!為一個新世界而奮鬥!一個富而好禮的世界,讓每個人都享有工作機會,享有未來和老年的保障。殘暴不仁者用這些作為幌子而奪權,可是他們欺世盜名,置承諾於不顧,永遠不會履行諾言。獨裁者解放自己卻奴役人民。讓我們一起奮鬥履行這個承諾!讓我們奮戰,解放全世界!摒棄國家的界限!揚棄仇恨、貪婪和偏狹,為一個有理性的世界而戰!一個擁有科技和進步的世界,將引導全人類邁向幸福。士兵們!讓我們以民主之名團結一致!」

*有關大獨裁者的一些相關資料,可參考維基官網中文版;英文版資料較完整,由此去
**下面附上Youtube善心鄉民上傳的高清版演說。這篇演說寫得很好,可以兼學英文聽力和閱讀。

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